All about Psychology

  “The therapy, which is defined as treatment of a condition, illness, or maladjustment is called logo therapy.” This type of therapy can be used and applied in broad areas: 1. Create something . Just as Frankl suggested, creating something (e.g., art) gives you a sense of purpose, which can add meaning to your life. 2. Develop relationships . The supportive nature of spending time with others will help you to develop more of a sense of meaning in your life. 3. Find purpose in pain . If you are going through something bad, try to find a purpose in it. Even if this is a bit of mental trickery, it will help to see you through. For example, if a family member is going through medical treatments for a disease, view your purpose as being there to support that person. 4. Understand that life is not fair . There is nobody keeping score, and you will not necessarily be dealt a fair deck. However, life can always have meaning, even in the worst of situations. 5. Freedom ...

  The three main techniques of logo therapy are: 1. Dereflection : Dereflection is used when a person is overly self-absorbed on an issue or attainment of a goal. By redirecting the attention, or dereflecting the attention away from the self, the person can become whole by thinking about others rather than themselves. 2. Paradoxical intention: Paradoxical intention involves asking for the thing we fear the most. For people who experience anxiety or phobias, fear can paralyze them. But by using humor and ridicule, they can wish for the thing they fear the most, thus removing the fear from their intention and relieving the anxious symptoms associated with it. 3. Socratic dialogue : Socratic dialogue is a technique in which the logo therapist uses his own person's words as a method of self-discovery. By listening intently to what the person says, the therapist can point out specific patterns of words, or word solutions to the client, and let the client see new meaning in ...

Origin Logo therapy is a term derived from “logos,” a Greek word that translates as “meaning. Definition             “The theory which states that humans are motivated by something called a "will to meaning," which equates to a desire to find meaning in life is called logo therapy.” This theory is founded on the belief that human nature is motivated by the search for a life purpose and is the pursuit of that meaning for one's life. Frankl argued that life can have meaning even in the most miserable of circumstances and that the motivation for living comes from finding that meaning. Taking it a step further, Frankl wrote: “Everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of human freedoms—to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances.” This opinion was based on his experiences of suffering and his attitude of finding meaning through suffering. In this way, Frankl believed that when we can no longer ...

  Viktor Frankl was born March 26, 1905, and died September 2, 1997, in Vienna, Austria. He was influenced during his early life by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Frankl earned a medical degree from the University of Vienna Medical School in 1930.              He was a visiting professor at Harvard and Stanford, and his therapy, named "logo therapy," was recognized as the third school of Viennese therapy after Freud's psychoanalysis and Alfred Adler's individual psychology. In addition, logo therapy was recognized as one of the scientifically based schools of psychotherapy by the American Medical Society, American Psychiatric Association, and the American Psychological Association (APA). “Striving to find meaning in one’s life is the primary motivational force in man” (Frankl 1992, p. 104) Man's Search for Meaning, the Will to Meaning and the Doctor and the Soul is some of his major contributions. He is the one who gave ...

Psychology of Men:       The new psychology of men has emerged over the past 15 years within the larger fields of men's studies and gender studies. Informed by the academic breakthroughs of feminist scholarship, the new psychology of men examines masculinity not as a normative referent, but rather as a problematic construct. In so doing, it provides a framework for a psychological approach to men and masculinity that questions traditional norms of the male role and views some male problems as unfortunate byproducts of the male gender role socialization process. This article introduces this new field, covering the gender role strain paradigm, masculinity ideology, and the 3 varieties of male gender role strain-- discrepancy-strain, dysfunctionstrain, and trauma-strain. Implications for practice are presented.  Masculine Psychology:       Masculine Psychology is a relative term sometimes used to describe and categorize issues concerning the gen...

       REBT is an effective therapy that focuses on changing individual’s irrational and dogmatic cognitions by using technique Which are of three types? • Cognitive Methods • Behavioral Methods • Emotional Methods Cognitive Methods      REBT says that an individual has a set of negative, irrational and disturbing set of self statements which he has to dispute, debate, and challenge, interpret and explain. At times the therapist even uses techniques of: 1-Disputing of Irrational Beliefs 2-Cognitive Homework 3-Changing One’s Language (should and must) Behavioral Methods Behavior therapy includes techniques such as Self Management, Systematic Desensitization, Biofeedback,  Modeling, and Behavioral Homework.  Clients actually perform or act difficult things in real life so that they have insights in form of concrete actions. Emotional Methods Clients are not provided with sympathy nor are their long tales of woes enco...

 The Interview Kelly’s primary assessment technique was the interview. As he put it, “If you don’t know what is going on in a person’s mind, ask him; he may tell you!” (1958, p. 330). Adopting what he called a “credulous attitude,” Kelly accepted the client’s words at face value, believing this was the best way to determine the person’s constructs. He also recognized that a person might deliberately lie or distort the reported version of events. However, what the client said must be respected, even if not always fully believed. Self-Characterization Sketches: Another technique used to assess a construct system is to have the person write a self characterization sketch. Kelly’s instructions to the client were as follows. “I want you to write a character sketch of [client’s name] just as if he were the principal character in a play. Write it as it might be written by a friend who knew him very intimately and very sympathetically, perhaps better than anyone ever really could know h...

  Kelly's definition of a  psychological disorder : "Any personal construction which is used repeatedly in spite of consistent invalidation." The behaviors and thoughts of neurosis, depression, paranoia, schizophrenia, etc., are all examples. So are patterns of violence, bigotry, criminality, greed, addiction, and so on. The person can no longer anticipate well, yet can't seem to learn new ways of relating to the world. He or she is loaded with anxiety and hostility, is unhappy and is making everyone else unhappy, too. If a person's problem is poor construction, then the solution should be  reconstruction , a term Kelly was tempted to use for his style of therapy. Psychotherapy involves getting the client to reconstruct, to see things in a different way, from a new perspective, one that allows the choices that lead to elaboration. Kellian therapists essentially ask their clients to join them in a series of  experiments  concerning the clients' life styles....

  Construction corollary      Because repeated events are similar, we can predict or anticipate how we will experience such an event in the future.  Individual corollary      People perceive events in different ways.  Organization corollary       We arrange our constructs in patterns, according to our views of their similarities and differences . Dichotomy corollary       Constructs are bipolar and consists as pairs as opposite.  For example : good – bad  Choice corollary       A person chooses for himself that alternatives in a dichotomized constructs through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system. Range corollary       A constructs is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only.  Experience corollary       We continually test our c...

  Sekaran (1983) delineates methodological issues in comparative research into five   broad heads: functional equivalence, instrumentation, data-collection, sampling   design, and data analysis. Data equivalence The equivalence or comparability of data collected in different cultures and countries is critical in cross-cultural research. Data equivalence or comparability refers to ‘ data that have, as far as possible, the same meaning or interpretation, and the same level of accuracy, precision of measurement, validity and reliability in all countries and cultures ’ . Two approaches to equivalence are generally identified in the literature. The first refers to those forms of equivalence that have to be addressed before and during data collection. The second approach focuses on the analysis of the data and examines the measurement equivalence or invariance of data already collected. Problem definition Two relevant methodological issues at this stage are the selection ...