All about Psychology

  Construction corollary      Because repeated events are similar, we can predict or anticipate how we will experience such an event in the future.  Individual corollary      People perceive events in different ways.  Organization corollary       We arrange our constructs in patterns, according to our views of their similarities and differences . Dichotomy corollary       Constructs are bipolar and consists as pairs as opposite.  For example : good – bad  Choice corollary       A person chooses for himself that alternatives in a dichotomized constructs through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system. Range corollary       A constructs is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only.  Experience corollary       We continually test our c...

  Sekaran (1983) delineates methodological issues in comparative research into five   broad heads: functional equivalence, instrumentation, data-collection, sampling   design, and data analysis. Data equivalence The equivalence or comparability of data collected in different cultures and countries is critical in cross-cultural research. Data equivalence or comparability refers to ‘ data that have, as far as possible, the same meaning or interpretation, and the same level of accuracy, precision of measurement, validity and reliability in all countries and cultures ’ . Two approaches to equivalence are generally identified in the literature. The first refers to those forms of equivalence that have to be addressed before and during data collection. The second approach focuses on the analysis of the data and examines the measurement equivalence or invariance of data already collected. Problem definition Two relevant methodological issues at this stage are the selection ...

  Ellis is interested in studying the biological Social and psychological factors that make humans vulnerable to disturbances that can be cognitive, emotive and behavioral in nature. Ellis’s A-B-C theory of personality focuses on the biological and social factors that cause emotional disturbance. Biological Factors The individuals have innate tendencies to react to events in certain ways by damning themselves when they do not get what they want . Example I am a failure; I never get what I want , Now studies every event of your life with this tendency . Certain severe mental disturbance can be partly inherited and have strong biological component such as Schizophrenia that inhibits thinking logically. Social Factors Social factors such as interpersonal relationships in families, peer groups, schools (teachers and friends) have an impact on the expectations that individuals have of themselves and others. When individuals are accepted by others, they feel worthwhile, dependab...

  Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, while he was a psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania. Through his work, Beck became convinced of the impact that thoughts had on an individual. He developed a cognitive therapy which focuses on the way a person is thinking. It deals with people's thoughts and behaviors and the impact that they have on that person. Instead of focusing on working back to a person's past and childhood, cognitive therapy focuses on the thoughts that the person is having at present. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of talking therapy which can be used to treat people with a wide range of mental health problems. CBT is based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior), all interact together. Specifically, our thoughts determine our feelings and our behavior. During his work as a psychiatrist, Beck began to see that his depressed patients tended to...

  Testing in clinical setting: ‘’Clinical testing also the clinical trial is a rigorously controlled test of new invasive medical device on human subjects.’’ For example: It involve new drugs, medical devices, biological, vaccines, surgical and other medical treatments and procedures. Importance of testing in clinical setting: Psychological tests enable mental health professionals to make diagnoses more reliability, validity and quickly in clinical setting. ·          This allows the clinician to flow on the appropriate treatment more than saving time and money. Also help the clinician monitor the effectiveness of treatment. ·          These tests diagnose a person and use to monitor a person response to medications, which are used increasingly in treating a number of disorders including, depression, schizophrenia and attention deficit disorder in children. ·      ...

  The transtheoretical model of behavior change was originally developed by Prochaska and DiClemente (1982) as a synthesis of 18 therapies describing the processes involved in eliciting and maintaining change. It is now more commonly known as the stages of change model. Prochaska and DiClemente examined these different therapeutic approaches for common processes and suggested a new model of behavior change based on the following stages: ·          Precontemplation : not intending to make any changes. ·          Contemplation : considering a change. ·          Preparation : making small changes. ·          Action : actively engaging in a new behavior. ·          Maintenance : sustaining the change over time. These stages, however, do not always occur in a linear fashion (si...

  The development of attribution theory The origins of attribution theory can be found in the work of Heider (1944, 1958), who argued that individuals are motivated to see their social world as predictable and controllable – that is, a need to understand causality. Heider didn’t so much develop a theory himself as emphasize certain themes that others took up. There were two main ideas that he put forward that became influential: dispositional (internal cause) vs situational (external cause) attributions. ● Dispositional attribution assigns the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of a person, rather than to outside forces. For example, we attribute the behavior of a person to their personality, motives or beliefs. ● Situational attributes , the process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or event outside a person's control rather than to some internal characteristic. When we try to explain our own behavior, we tend to make external attributions,...

  Health beliefs are what people believe about their health, what they think constitutes their  health, what they consider the cause of their illness, and ways to overcome an illness it. These  beliefs are, of course, culturally determined, and all come together to form larger health belief systems. WHAT ARE HEALTH BEHAVIOURS? Kasl and Cobb (1966) defined three types of health-related behaviors. They suggested that: ■ a health behavior was a behavior aimed to prevent disease (e.g., eating a healthy diet). ■ an illness behavior was a behavior aimed to seek remedy (e.g., going to the doctor). ■ a sick role behavior was any activity aimed to get well (e.g., taking prescribed medication, resting). Health behaviors were further defined by Matarazzo (1984) in terms of either: ■ health impairing habits, which he called ‘behavioral pathogens’ (e.g., smoking, eating a high fat diet), ■ health protective behaviors, which he defined as ‘behavioral immunogens’ (e.g....

  Introduction Stress is a fact of everyday life, and it can be defined either as a reaction or as a stimulus. Over the years and with the progress of science many factors have been identified as sources of stress, such as Biological, Chemicals, Microbial, Psychological, Developmental, Socio-cultural and Environmental. Propose of this study is to present the basic concepts and model of stress proposed by Mason, its effects on the individual, the coping strategies. The main theoretical approaches for stress are interpreting it differently, either as a stimulus, as a response or as a transaction. Most important interventions for alleviating stress are anxiety reduction, anger management, relaxation and sleep, proper diet, physical exercise, relaxation techniques and effective time management. The term of stress was first used back in the 17th century as to describe the “sorrow, suppression, discomfort and adversity". In the 19th century the term was reformed and among other, had...

  Heinz Hartmann devoted considerable time to the study of the Ego's Defenses and their functions from the perspective of the Adaptation. However, he seems not to have expanded on the defenses explained by Freud. The ego mobilizes defenses to protect itself from four types of dangers including conflicts among: ·          The id, ego, and super ego conflict. ·          Conflict in interpersonal relations. ·          Conflict in social norms. ·          Conflict in response to trauma. Mechanism of Adaptation: Heinz Hartmann described the "Mechanisms of Adaptation" that are more or less firmly established in the ego of an adult and always run to the same course unconsciously, just as Anna Freud describes the "Defense Mechanisms". These mechanisms are established in the ego to defend against un-described or disturbin...